CTICasesAnterior Mediastinal Mature Teratoma with Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis (Paraneoplastic Syndrome)
Imaging findings
Radiograph shows an abnormality overlying the left hilum, suggesting an anterior mediastinal mass. CT confirms an anterior mediastinal mass with areas of macroscopic fat, heterogeneity, and calcification, consistent with a mature teratoma.
Key takeaways
Anterior mediastinal teratomas, even if mature, can be associated with paraneoplastic syndromes, specifically anti-NMDA receptor autoimmune encephalitis, causing severe neurological symptoms like mental status changes, memory loss, and psychosis. Resection of the teratoma can lead to significant clinical recovery. The presence of neural elements within the teratoma pathology is hypothesized to trigger the autoimmune response.
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